Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with adverse outcomes extending
from fetal to adult life, and thus, constitutes a major health care challenge. Fetuses with
progressive growth restriction show increasing impedance in the umbilical artery flow, which
may become absent during end-diastole. Absent end-diastolic flow (AEDF) is associated
with adverse perinatal outcomes including stillbirths and perinatal asphyxia. Placentas from
such pregnancies demonstrate deficient fetoplacental vascular branching. Current evidence …