Common cancers, including cancers of the breast, lung, and prostate, frequently metastasize
to multiple bones where they can cause significant and life-altering pain. Similar to cancer
itself, the factors that drive bone cancer pain evolve and change with disease progression.
Once cancer cells have metastasized to bone, both the cancer cells and their associated
stromal cells generate pain by releasing algogenic substances including protons,
bradykinin, endothelins, prostaglandins, proteases, and tyrosine kinase activators. The …