Protein kinase C-potentiated phosphatase inhibitor of 17 kDa (CPI-17) mediates some agonist-induced smooth muscle contraction by suppressing the myosin phosphatase in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The physiologically relevant kinases that phosphorylate CPI-17 remain to be identified. Several previous studies have shown that some agonist-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation in smooth muscle tissues was attenuated by the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632, suggesting that ROCK is involved in agonist-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation. However, Y-27632 has recently been found to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC)-δ, a well-recognized CPI-17 kinase. Thus the role of ROCK in agonist-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation remains uncertain. The present study was designed to address this important issue. We selectively activated the RhoA pathway using inducible adenovirus-mediated expression of a constitutively active mutant RhoA (V14RhoA) in primary cultured rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). V14RhoA caused expression level-dependent CPI-17 phosphorylation at Thr38 as well as myosin phosphatase phosphorylation at Thr853. Importantly, we have shown that V14RhoA-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation was not affected by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X but was abolished by Y-27632, suggesting that ROCK but not PKC was involved. Furthermore, we have shown that the contractile agonists thrombin and U-46619 induced CPI-17 phosphorylation in VSMCs. Similarly to V14RhoA-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation, thrombin-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation was not affected by inhibition of PKC with GF109203X, but it was blocked by inhibition of RhoA with adenovirus-mediated expression of exoenzyme C3 as well as by Y-27632. Taken together, our present data provide the first clear evidence indicating that ROCK is responsible for thrombin- and U-46619-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation in primary cultured VSMCs.