Inclusions of Tar DNA- binding protein 43 (TDP-43) are a pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Pathological TDP-43 exhibits the disease-specific biochemical signatures, which include its ubiquitination, phosphorylation and truncation. Recently, we demonstrated that the extreme N-terminus of TDP-43 regulates formation of abnormal cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation in cultured cells and primary neurons. However, it remained unclear whether this N-terminal domain mediates TDP-43 aggregation and the associated toxicity in vivo. To investigate this, we expressed a GFP-tagged TDP-43 with a nuclear localization signal mutation (GFP-TDP-43_NLSm) and a truncated form without the extreme N-terminus (GFP-TDP-43_10-414-NLSm) by adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors in mouse primary cortical neurons and murine central nervous system. Compared to neurons containing GFP alone, expression of GFP-TDP-43_NLSm resulted in the formation of ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic inclusions and activation of caspase-3, an indicator of cell death. Moreover, mice expressing GFP-TDP-43_NLSm proteins show reactive gliosis and develop neurological abnormalities. However, by deletion of TDP-43's extreme N-terminus, these pathological alterations can be abrogated. Together, our study provides further evidence confirming the critical role of the extreme N-terminus of TDP-43 in regulating protein structure as well as mediating toxicity associated with its aggregation.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.