Biomedical science relies on individuals to make long-term commitments for education and training that extend over 7 to 10 years or longer. The US has led the way in innovative approaches to biomedical research education, pioneering creative opportunities: undergraduate and postbaccalaureate research programs, NIH-sponsored Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) training grants, research fellowships for medical students, and institution-centered Physician Scientist Training Programs (PTSP) for medical residents and fellows. These programs provide paths for acquiring unique and often simultaneous training in research and clinical care and have significantly improved recruitment and support of students and trainees.

However, despite these efforts, there remain too few well-trained physicianscientists in the pipeline to support the growing needs of our complex and healthminded society. In 2013, the NIH Physician-Scientist Workforce Working Group (PSW-WG) was established to assess the workforce and make recommendations in support of a sustainable and diverse clinical research infrastructure (1). Subsequently, the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine hosted a consensus conference to discuss workforce issues, which furthered recommendations around increasing entry into physician-scientist training and curbing attrition (2). These working groups identified several critical issues facing trainees and proposed solutions. Many of the recommendations have been implemented in various forms, and there is widespread bipartisan support for these efforts. This manuscript is an opinion piece, generated by members of the Advocacy