Immunological memory is a remarkable phenomenon in which survival of an initial infection
by a pathogen leads to life-long protection from disease upon subsequent exposure to that
same pathogen. For many infectious diseases, long-lived protective humoral immunity is
induced after only a single infection in a process that depends on the generation of memory
B cells (MBCs) and long-lived plasma cells. However, over the past decade it has become
increasingly evident that many chronic human infectious diseases to which immunity is not …