The prevalence of end-stage renal diseases is currently on the rise globally, and finding the
way to curb this tide is urgently needed. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a common pathway for
essentially all the nephropathy categories known to date, and the manifestations of renal
fibrosis include excessive deposition of extracellular matrix with distortion of renal
microstructures and functional deterioration. Uremic toxins have been gradually found to
play an important role in the development of progressive renal fibrosis, with protein-bound …