The anti–CTL-associated antigen 4 (anti–CTLA-4) antibody ipilimumab is the first agent to show improved survival in a randomized phase III trial that enrolled patients with metastatic melanoma. Studies are ongoing to identify mechanisms that elicit clinical benefit in the setting of anti–CTLA-4 therapy. We previously reported that treated patients had an increase in the frequency of T cells expressing the inducible costimulator (ICOS) molecule, a T-cell–specific molecule that belongs to the CD28/CTLA-4/B7 immunoglobulin superfamily. ICOS and its ligand (ICOSL) have been shown to play diverse roles in T-cell responses such as mediating autoimmunity as well as enhancing the development/activity of regulatory T cells. These seemingly opposing roles have made it difficult to determine whether the ICOS/ICOSL pathway is necessary for antitumor responses. To determine whether the ICOS/ICOSL pathway might play a causal role in the antitumor effects mediated by anti–CTLA-4, we conducted studies in ICOS-sufficient and ICOS-deficient mice bearing B16/BL6 melanoma. We show that ICOS⁺ T cells comprised a population of Th1 cytokine producing and tumor antigen-specific effector cells. Furthermore, in the absence of ICOS, antitumor T-cell responses elicited by anti–CTLA-4 are significantly diminished, thereby impairing tumor rejection. Our findings establish that the ICOS/ICOSL pathway is necessary for the optimal therapeutic effect of anti–CTLA-4, thus implicating this pathway as a target for future combinatorial strategies to improve the efficacy of anti–CTLA-4 therapy. Cancer Res; 71(16); 5445–54. ©2011 AACR.