Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (IR) leads to a cascade of intracellular signaling
events, which regulate multiple biological processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism,
gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell growth, division, and survival. However, the
exact mechanism of how the insulin‐IR interaction produces its own specific pattern of
regulated cellular functions is not yet fully understood. Insulin analogs, anti‐IR antibodies as
well as synthetic insulin mimetic peptides that target the two insulin‐binding regions of the …