Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major sentinel, antigen-presenting and regulatory components
of the immune system. One of the central DC functions is to rapidly sense and alert host
immune system of a pathogen invasion. In the present study, we investigated the role of DC
exosomes (DCex) in this sentinel function. We demonstrated that DCex could bind bacterial
Toll-like-receptor ligands (TLR-Ls), and acquire their ability to strongly activate bystander
DCs. Consequently, bystander DCs enhance the expression of transmembrane tumor …