Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the
development and maintenance of chronic pain: microglia and astrocytes of the central
nervous system (CNS), and satellite glial cells of the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia.
Painful syndromes are associated with different glial activation states:(1) glial reaction (ie,
upregulation of glial markers such as IBA1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and/or …