A mature enteric nervous system (ENS) is required to ensure a normal pattern of intestinal motility in order to regulate digestion after birth. We hypothesized that neuronal and glial components of the ENS would mature during the first postnatal days in preterm pigs that are a sensitive animal model of food intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Stereological volume densities of the general neuronal population [assessed by βIII‐tubulin immunoreactivity (IR)] and subsets of neuronal (VIP‐IR and nitrergic IR) and glial cells (GFAP‐IR and S100‐IR) were determined in the small intestine of newborn preterm piglets (93% gestation), after 3 days of receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and after 3 days of TPN plus 2 days of enteral feeding with sow’s colostrum or milk formula. Following TPN, VIP in the myenteric and inner submucous plexus and GFAP in the inner submucous plexus increased, while the relative volume of the total neuronal population remained constant. Introduction of enteral food induced variable degrees of food intolerance and NEC, especially after formula feeding, a diet that gave rise to a higher myenteric VIP and GFAP content in the inner submucous plexus than colostrum feeding. However, the ENS seemed unaffected by the presence of NEC‐like intestinal lesions. Nevertheless, this study shows that the ENS is highly plastic during the first days after premature birth and adapts in an age‐ and diet‐dependent manner. The observed postnatal adaptation in enteric VIP and GFAP may help to maintain intestinal homeostasis during suboptimal feeding regimens in preterm neonates.