Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is a process that regulates the size and the duration of the primary immune T cell response. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the regulation of AICD by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). We found that TGF-β1 decreased apoptosis of human T cells or T cell hybridomas after activation by anti-CD3. This decrease was associated with inhibition of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand (FasL) expression, whereas Fas signaling was not affected by TGF-β1. In parallel, TGF-β1 inhibited c-Myc expression in T cell hybridomas, and ectopic expression of a chimeric molecule composed of c-Myc and the steroid binding domain of the estrogen receptor (Myc-ER) blocked both the inhibition of FasL and the decrease of AICD induced by TGF-β1, providing that 4-hydroxytamoxifen was present. These results identify one mechanism by which TGF-β1 blocks AICD to allow the clonal expansion of effector T cells and the generation of memory T cells during immune responses.