Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone that contributes to several hypophosphatemic disorders by reducing the expression of the type II sodium-phosphate cotransporters (NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c) in the kidney proximal tubule and by reducing serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃] levels. The FGF receptor(s) mediating the hypophosphatemic action of FGF23 in vivo have remained elusive. In this study, we show that proximal tubules express FGFR1, −3, and −4 but not FGFR2 mRNA. To determine which of these three FGFRs mediates FGF23's hypophosphatemic actions, we characterized phosphate homeostasis in FGFR3^−/− and FGFR4^−/− null mice, and in conditional FGFR1^−/− mice, with targeted deletion of FGFR1 expression in the metanephric mesenchyme. Basal serum phosphorus levels and renal cortical brush-border membrane (BBM) NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c expression were comparable between FGFR1^−/−, FGFR3^−/−, and FGFR4^−/− mice and their wild-type counterparts. Administration of FGF23 to FGFR3^−/− mice induced hypophosphatemia in these mice (8.0 ± 0.4 vs. 5.4 ± 0.3 mg/dl; p ≤ 0.001) and a decrease in renal BBM NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c protein expression. Similarly, in FGFR4^−/− mice, administration of FGF23 caused a small but significant decrease in serum phosphorus levels (8.7 ± 0.3 vs. 7.6 ± 0.4 mg/dl; p ≤ 0.001) and in renal BBM NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c protein abundance. In contrast, injection of FGF23 into FGFR1^−/− mice had no effects on serum phosphorus levels (5.6 ± 0.3 vs. 5.2 ± 0.5 mg/dl) or BBM NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c expression. These data show that FGFR1 is the predominant receptor for the hypophosphatemic action of FGF23 in vivo, with FGFR4 likely playing a minor role.