sclerosis detection) and myocardial (eg, differentiating endocardium from epicardium) applications that must also overcome cardiac and respiratory motion and blood flow. In addition, favorable platforms allow concomitant assessment of cardiovascular anatomy and function. A number of promising modalities are available for clinical cardiovascular molecular imaging, either as standalone or fusion technologies, such as MRI9 and integrated nuclear/computed tomography (CT) systems (PET/CT, SPECT/CT). 50 Emerging modalities include optical imaging (in particular, intravascular near-infrared fluorophore [NIRF] reflectance, 51 and fluorescence-mediated tomographic imaging52), as well as integrated PET/MRI53 and fluorescence-mediated tomography integrated with CT, MRI, or ultrasound.