This study explores whether lymphoma cell adhesion-induced B cell-activating factor (BAFF) expression in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) protects B lymphoma cells from apoptosis. We first showed protection of lymphoma cells from apoptosis by conditioned medium of a stromal cell-lymphoma cell coculture, either spontaneous or induced by mitoxantrone, implying a role for soluble factor (s) in lymphoma cell survival. Addition of BAFF counteracted mitoxantrone-induced apoptosis and elicited a reduction in spontaneous apoptosis in primary lymphomas, suggesting a role of BAFF in sustaining B-cell survival. Abundant BAFF was detected in the BMSC cell line (HS-5) and primary BMSCs by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and immunoblotting. BAFF levels were 20-to 200-fold higher in BMSCs than in lymphoma cells, and lymphoma cell adhesion to BMSCs augmented BAFF secretion twofold through upregulation of BAFF gene expression. Finally, neutralization of BAFF by TACI-Ig or depletion of BAFF by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in BMSCs significantly enhanced lymphoma cell response to chemotherapy and overcame stroma-mediated drug resistance, suggesting that lymphoma cells use BMSC-derived BAFF as a survival factor. These findings support the hypothesis that lymphoma cells interact with BMSCs, resulting in stromal niches with high BAFF concentration, and identify BMSC-derived BAFF as a functional determinant for B lymphoma cell survival in the bone marrow environment.