The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the spinal dorsal horn shows significant morphological heterogeneity and receives primary afferent input predominantly from Aδ‐ and C‐fibres. Despite numerous anatomical and physiological studies, correlation between morphology and functional connectivity, particularly in terms of inhibitory inputs, remains elusive. To compare excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on individual SG neurones with morphology, we performed whole‐cell recordings with Neurobiotin‐filled‐pipettes in horizontal slices from adult rat spinal cord with attached dorsal roots. Based on dendritic arborization patterns, four major cell types were confirmed: islet, central, radial and vertical cells. Dorsal root stimulation revealed that each class was associated with characteristic synaptic inputs. Islet and central cells had monosynaptic excitatory inputs exclusively from C‐afferents. Islet cells received primary‐afferent‐evoked inhibitory inputs only from Aδ‐fibres, while those of central cells were mediated by both Aδ‐ and C‐fibres. In contrast, radial and vertical cells had monosynaptic excitatory inputs from both Aδ‐ and C‐fibres and inhibitory inputs mediated by both fibre types. We further characterized the neurochemical nature of these inhibitory synaptic inputs. The majority of islet, central and vertical cells exhibited GABAergic inhibitory inputs, while almost all radial cells also possessed glycinergic inputs. The present study demonstrates that SG neurones have distinct patterns of excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are related to their morphology. The neurotransmitters responsible for inhibitory inputs to individual SG neurones are also characteristic for different morphological classes. These results make it possible to identify primary afferent circuits associated with particular types of SG neurone.