Anti-PD-1 blockade and stereotactic radiation produce long-term survival in mice with intracranial gliomas

J Zeng, AP See, J Phallen, CM Jackson… - International Journal of …, 2013 - Elsevier
PURPOSE: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in
adults, and radiation is one of the main treatment modalities. However, cure rates remain
low despite best available therapies. Immunotherapy is a promising modality that could work
synergistically with radiation, which has been shown to increase antigen presentation and
promote a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment. Programmed-death-1 (PD-1) is a
surface receptor expressed on activated and exhausted T cells, which mediate T cell …