Within the lungs of patients with severe emphysema, inflammation continues despite smoking cessation. Foci of T lymphocytes in the small airways of patients with emphysema have been associated with disease severity. Whether these T cells play an important role in this continued inflammatory response is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if T cells recruited to the lungs of subjects with severe emphysema contain oligoclonal T-cell populations, suggesting their accumulation in response to antigenic stimuli. Lung T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire from eight patients with severe emphysema and six control subjects was evaluated at the time of tissue procurement (ex vivo) and after 2 weeks of culture with interleukin 2 (in vitro). Junctional region nucleotide sequencing of expanded TCR-Vβ subsets was performed. No significantly expanded TCR-Vβ subsets were identified in ex vivo samples. However, T cells grew from all emphysema (n = 8) but from only one of the control lung samples (n = 6) when exposed to interleukin 2 (p = 0.0013). Within the cultured cells, seven major CD4-expressing TCR-Vβ subset expansions were identified from five of the patients with emphysema. These expansions were composed of oligoclonal populations of T cells that had already been expanded in vivo. Severe emphysema is associated with inflammation involving T lymphocytes that are composed of oligoclonal CD4⁺ T cells. These T cells are accumulating in the lung secondary to conventional antigenic stimulation and are likely involved in the persistent pulmonary inflammation characteristic of severe emphysema.