The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and influences the risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin binds to two different seven-transmembrane domain receptors termed AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. To study the physiological importance of these receptors, AdipoR1 gene knockout mice (AdipoR1^−/−) and AdipoR2 gene knockout mice (AdipoR2^−/−) were generated. AdipoR1^−/− mice showed increased adiposity associated with decreased glucose tolerance, spontaneous locomotor activity, and energy expenditure. However, AdipoR2^−/− mice were lean and resistant to high-fat diet–induced obesity associated with improved glucose tolerance and higher spontaneous locomotor activity and energy expenditure and reduced plasma cholesterol levels. Thus, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are clearly involved in energy metabolism but have opposing effects.