Hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a global health problem because it readily establishes persistent infection and a vaccine is not available. CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells have been implicated in HCV persistence because their frequency is increased in the blood of HCV-infected patients and their in vitro depletion results in increased IFN-γ production by HCV-specific T cells. Studying a well-characterized cohort of 16 chimpanzees, the sole animal model for HCV infection, we here demonstrate that the frequency of Foxp3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells (T_Regs) and the extent of suppression was as high in spontaneously HCV-recovered chimpanzees as in persistently HCV-infected chimpanzees. Foxp3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ T_Regs suppressed IFN-γ production, expansion, and activation-induced cell death of HCV-specific T cells after recovery from HCV infection and in persistent HCV infection. Thus, T_Reg cells control HCV-specific T cells not only in persistent infection but also after recovery, where they may regulate memory T-cell responses by controlling their activation and preventing apoptosis. However, Foxp3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ T_Reg cells of both HCV-recovered and HCV-infected chimpanzees differed from Foxp3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺T_Reg cells of HCV-naive chimpanzees in increased IL-2 responsiveness and lower T-cell receptor excision circle content, implying a history of in vivo proliferation. This result suggests that HCV infection alters the population of Foxp3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ T_Reg cells.