Within the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects, alterations in markers of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission, including decreased immunoreactivity for the GABA membrane transporter GAT-1, may be most prominent in a subset of inhibitory neurons. In the present study, the authors sought to determine whether the alterations in GAT-1 protein could be attributed to a reduction in GAT-1 mRNA expression. Tissue sections containing prefrontal cortex area 9 from 10 matched pairs of schizophrenic and comparison subjects were processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry with ³⁵S-oligonucleotide probes for GAT-1 mRNA. In the schizophrenic subjects, the relative density of labeled neurons was 21%–33% lower in layers 1–5 of the prefrontal cortex but was unchanged in layer 6. In contrast, cellular levels of GAT-1 mRNA expression, as reflected in grain density per labeled neuron, did not differ by more than 11% between subject groups in any layer. These findings indicate that GAT-1 mRNA expression is relatively unaltered in the majority of prefrontal cortex GABA neurons in schizophrenic subjects but is reduced below a detectable level in a subset of GABA neurons. Furthermore, the magnitude and laminar pattern of these results were strikingly similar to those found in a previous study of mRNA expression for the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase₆₇, in the same subjects. Both GABA synthesis and reuptake appear to be altered at the level of gene expression in a subset of GABA neurons, and the resulting changes in GABA neurotransmission may contribute to prefrontal cortex dysfunction in schizophrenia.