Catecholamines are important regulators of homeostasis, yet their functions in hematopoiesis are poorly understood. Here we report that immature human CD34⁺ cells dynamically expressed dopamine and β₂-adrenergic receptors, with higher expression in the primitive CD34⁺CD38^lo population. The myeloid cytokines G-CSF and GM-CSF upregulated neuronal receptor expression on immature CD34⁺ cells. Treatment with neurotransmitters increased the motility, proliferation and colony formation of human progenitor cells, correlating with increased polarity, expression of the metalloproteinase MT1-MMP and activity of the metalloproteinase MMP-2. Treatment with catecholamines enhanced human CD34⁺ cell engraftment of NOD-SCID mice through Wnt signaling activation and increased cell mobilization and bone marrow Sca-1⁺c-Kit⁺Lin⁻ cell numbers. Our results identify new functions for neurotransmitters and myeloid cytokines in the direct regulation of human and mouse progenitor cell migration and development.