The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Wnt/wingless pathways play critical roles in
the specification of cell fate during development and also contribute to cancer formation and
progression. Whereas Wnt signaling is clearly pro-oncogenic, TGF-β signaling is cell-and
context-dependent, manifesting both inhibitory and proliferative effects. The growth factor,
gastrin, has previously been shown to be a downstream target of the Wnt pathway and a
promoter of gastrointestinal cancer. In this study, we show that the mouse gastrin promoter is …