Insulin (10 nM) completely suppressed the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from 2 mM lactate by low concentrations of glucagon (⩽0.1 nM) or cyclic AMP (⩽10 μM), but it had no effect on the basal rate of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from fed rats. The effectiveness of insulin diminished as the concentration of these agonists increased, but insulin was able to suppress by 40% the stimulation by a maximally effective concentration of epinephrine (1 μM). The response to glucagon, epinephrine, or insulin was not dependent upon protein synthesis as cycloheximide did not alter their effects. Insulin also suppressed the stimulation by isoproterenol or cyclic GMP. These data are the first demonstration of insulin antagonism to the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by catecholamines.

Insulin reduced cyclic AMP levels which had been elevated by low concentrations of glucagon or by 1 μM epinephrine. This supports the hypothesis that the action of insulin to inhibit gluconeogenesis is mediated by the lowering of cyclic AMP levels. However, evidence is presented which indicates that insulin is able to suppress the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by glucagon or epinephrine under conditions where either the agonists or insulin had no measurable effect on cyclic AMP levels. Insulin reduced the glucagon stimulation of gluconeogenesis whether or not extracellular Ca²⁺ were present, even though insulin only lowered cyclic AMP levels in their presence. Insulin also reduced the stimulation by epinephrine plus propranolol where no significant changes in cyclic AMP were observed without or with insulin. In addition, insulin suppressed gluconeogenesis in cells that had been preincubated with epinephrine for 20 min, even though the cyclic AMP levels had returned to near basal values and were unaffected by insulin. Thus insulin may not need to lower cyclic AMP levels in order to suppress gluconeogenesis.