Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP

KA Lucas, GM Pitari, S Kazerounian… - Pharmacological …, 2000 - ASPET
KA Lucas, GM Pitari, S Kazerounian, I Ruiz-Stewart, J Park, S Schulz, KP Chepenik…
Pharmacological reviews, 2000ASPET
Guanylyl cyclases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of GTP to cGMP. The
family comprises both membrane-bound and soluble isoforms that are expressed in nearly
all cell types. They are regulated by diverse extracellular agonists that include peptide
hormones, bacterial toxins, and free radicals, as well as intracellular molecules, such as
calcium and adenine nucleotides. Stimulation of guanylyl cyclases and the resultant
accumulation of cGMP regulates complex signaling cascades through immediate …
Guanylyl cyclases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of GTP to cGMP. The family comprises both membrane-bound and soluble isoforms that are expressed in nearly all cell types. They are regulated by diverse extracellular agonists that include peptide hormones, bacterial toxins, and free radicals, as well as intracellular molecules, such as calcium and adenine nucleotides. Stimulation of guanylyl cyclases and the resultant accumulation of cGMP regulates complex signaling cascades through immediate downstream effectors, including cGMP-dependent protein kinases, cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases, and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Guanylyl cyclases and cGMP-mediated signaling cascades play a central role in the regulation of diverse (patho)physiological processes, including vascular smooth muscle motility, intestinal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and retinal phototransduction. Topics addressed in this review include the structure and chromosomal localization of the genes for guanylyl cyclases, structure and function of the members of the guanylyl cyclase family, molecular mechanisms regulating enzymatic activity, and molecular sequences coupling ligand binding to catalytic activity. A brief overview is presented of the downstream events controlled by guanylyl cyclases, including the effectors that are regulated by cGMP and the role that guanylyl cyclases play in cell physiology and pathophysiology.
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