Mammalian bones have three distinct origins (paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm,
and neural crest) and undergo two different modes of formation (intramembranous and
endochondral). Bones derived from the paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm
mainly form through the endochondral process. During this process, hypertrophic
chondrocytes play a vital role in inducing both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. One of the
essential osteogenic factors secreted from hypertrophic chondrocytes is Indian hedgehog …