Essential hypertension is characterized by significant and persistent elevations in arterial
pressure. Hypertension is a multifactorial disorder that may involve abnormalities in the
functions of the heart pump, the blood vessels, and the kidneys. Short-term and long-term
regulation of arterial pressure is influenced by changes in cardiac function, the peripheral
vascular resistance, and the renal control mechanisms of plasma electrolytes and volume.
Increases in the heart rate and stroke volume lead to increases in the cardiac output and …