Sensitive, specific methods have been developed that allow quantitative measurements of
the metabolites of carcinogen metabolites and of DNA and protein adducts in humans
exposed occupationally, environmentally and endogenously to genotoxic agents. The
interrelationship between exposure to carcinogens, host risk factors and the responses of
biomarkers has been examined in cross-sectional, ecological and case-control studies
which provided new insights into the causes of cancer and the mechanisms of …