The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mediates the pituitary control of the development, growth and function of the thyroid. The expression of the gene encoding this receptor is known only in the thyroid, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, retro-orbital tissue and fat cells. We have cloned a TSHR from the gonads of a non-mammalian vertebrate, a bony fish (striped bass, Morone saxatilis) in the course of our search for gonadotropin receptors (follicle stimulating hormone receptor, FSHR and luteinizing hormone receptor, LHR). RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the striped bass TSHR (stbTSHR) transcripts were abundant in both the thyroid and gonads and detectable in skeletal muscle, heart and brain tissues. The stbTSHR cDNA encoded a 779-amino acid glycoprotein hormone receptor with much higher homology (57–59%) to the mammalian TSH receptors than the mammalian LH receptors (47–49%) and FSH receptors (47%), and salmon and catfish gonadotropin receptors (42–45%). There was a TSHR-specific insertion in the extracellular domain as seen in mammalian receptors. Moreover, PCR analysis of genomic DNA indicated the absence of the LHR-specific intron in the striped bass TSHR gene. Recombinant stbTSHR expressed in COS1 cells activated reporter genes (luciferase) driven by either a cAMP response element or the c-fos promoter in response to bovine TSH, stbLH or hCG, but not human FSH. In situ hybridization studies revealed the presence of stbTSHR transcripts in the gametes but not in the follicular cells. This pattern of expression is unique and suggests a direct, albeit unknown, role for TSH in gamete physiology.