Whereas co-stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and CD28 triggers T-cell activation, stimulation of the TCR alone may result in an anergic state or T-cell deletion, both possible mechanisms of tolerance induction^,. Here we show that T cells that are deficient in the adaptor molecule Cbl-b (ref. ) do not require CD28 engagement for interleukin-2 production, and that the Cbl-b-null mutation (Cbl-b^-/-) fully restores T-cell-dependent antibody responses in CD28^-/-mice. The main TCR signalling pathways, such as tyrosine kinases Zap-70 and Lck, Ras/mitogen-activated kinases, phospholipase Cγ-1 and Ca²⁺ mobilization, were not affected in Cbl-b^-/- T cells. In contrast, the activation of Vav, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1/Rho/CDC42, was significantly enhanced. Our findings indicate that Cbl-b may influence the CD28 dependence of T-cell activation by selectively suppressing TCR-mediated Vav activation. Mice deficient in Cbl-b are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, suggesting that the dysregulation of signalling pathways modulated by Cbl-b may also contribute to human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.