Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) or Günther’s disease is an inborn error of heme biosynthesis, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and characterized by a profound deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase activity (UROIIIS). The molecular defects observed in CEP are mainly heterogeneous, except for one missense mutation, C73R (Cys to Arg substitution at codon 73) which represents nearly 40% of the disease alleles. A convenient strategy was designed to establish a rapid diagnosis at the genetic level in samples from patients with CEP. As a first step, the most frequent mutation is searched for by restriction analysis from genomic DNA amplified by PCR. Next, the nine coding exons and intron-exon boundaries are sequenced from genomic DNA. As an alternative, the mutation can be determined by sequencing the UROIIIS cDNA of the patient, using the RT-PCR technique on RNAs when a lymphoblastoid cell line can be established. Finally, for each new mutation in UROIIIS coding sequence, the corresponding mutant protein is expressed in Escherichia coli, in order to demonstrate the pathological significance of the mutation. This work describes the analysis of UROIIIS gene mutations in 10 new families with CEP and summarizes the data from 20 unrelated families studied in our laboratory. Three new missense mutations of UROIIIS coding sequence (H173Y, Q187P and P248Q) have been observed together with 8 known mutations. The significance of three intronic base changes (476− 31 T→ C; 562− 4 A→ T; 562− 23 A→ G) is discussed. In 6 alleles out of 40 (15%), the mutation remains undetermined.