We measured the effects of ovariectomy on the bone mass of mice that lacked type I interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1 R1 −/− mice) in two genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6 x 129/Sv and C57BL/6) to investigate the role of interleukin-1 in the actions of estrogen on bone. At three weeks after surgery, ovariectomized wild-type mice decreased trabecular bone volume in the proximal humerus by 70% in a C57BL/6 x 129/Sv background and 48% in a C57BL/6 background compared to sham-operated controls. In contrast, there was no significant decrease in trabecular bone mass in IL-1 R1 −/− mice after ovariectomy. The estrogen status of all groups was confirmed by measurement of uterine wet weight. These results demonstrate that a functional IL-1 response pathway is required for mice to lose trabecular bone mass after ovariectomy in this model and they imply that IL-1 is an important mediator of the effects of ovariectomy on bone mass. Hence, therapeutic interventions that block the effects of IL-1 on bone may be beneficial for treating diseases of rapid bone loss such as post-menopausal osteoporosis.