The neuropeptide galanin is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and exerts several inhibitory effects, especially on intestinal motility and on insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. The presence of galanin fibres not only in the myenteric and submucosal plexus but also in the mucosa, prompted us to investigate the regulatory role of galanin, and its mechanism of action, on the secretion of the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Rat ileal cells were dispersed through mechanical vibration followed by moderate exposure to hyaluronidase, DNase I and EDTA, and enriched for L-cells by counterflow elutriation. A 6-to 7-fold enrichment in GLP-1 cell content was registered after elutriation, as compared with the crude cell preparation (92981 vs 13814 fmol/106 cells). L-cells then accounted for 4–5% of the total cell population. Bombesin induced a time-(15–240 min) and dose-(0· 1 nM–1 µM) dependent release of GLP-1. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP, 100 nM), forskolin (10 µM) and the phorbol ester 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 1 µM) each stimulated GLP-1 secretion over a 1-h incubation period. Galanin (0· 01–100 nM) induced a dose-dependent inhibition of bombesin-and of GIP-stimulated GLP-1 release (mean inhibition of 90% with 100 nM galanin). Galanin also dose-dependently inhibited forskolininduced GLP-1 secretion (74% of inhibition with 100 nM galanin), but not TPA-stimulated hormone release. Pretreatment of cells with 200 ng/ml pertussis toxin for 3 h, or incubation with the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker disopyramide (200µM), prevented the inhibition by galanin of bombesin-and GIP-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. These studies indicate that intestinal secretion of GLP-1 is negatively controlled by galanin, that acts through receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein and involves ATP-dependent K+ channels.