The mammalian metanephric kidney is derived from the intermediate mesoderm. In this report, we use molecular fate mapping to demonstrate that the majority of cell types within the metanephric kidney arise from an Osr1⁺ population of metanephric progenitor cells. These include the ureteric epithelium of the collecting duct network, the cap mesenchyme and its nephron epithelia derivatives, the interstitial mesenchyme, vasculature and smooth muscle. Temporal fate mapping shows a progressive restriction of Osr1⁺ cell fates such that at the onset of active nephrogenesis, Osr1 activity is restricted to the Six2⁺ cap mesenchyme nephron progenitors. However, low-level labeling of Osr1⁺ cells suggests that the specification of interstitial mesenchyme and cap mesenchyme progenitors occurs within the Osr1⁺ population prior to the onset of metanephric development. Furthermore, although Osr1⁺ progenitors give rise to much of the kidney, Osr1 function is only essential for the development of the nephron progenitor compartment. These studies provide new insights into the cellular origins of metanephric kidney structures and lend support to a model where Osr1 function is limited to establishing the nephron progenitor pool.