The ability to develop and sustain populations of memory T cells after infection or immunization is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response and a basis for protective vaccination against infectious disease. Technical advances that allow direct ex vivo identification and characterization of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells at various stages of the response to infection or vaccination in mouse models have fuelled efforts to characterize the factors that control memory CD8⁺ T-cell generation. Here, we dissect the input signals that shape the characteristics of the memory CD8⁺ T-cell response and discuss how manipulation of these signals has the potential to reshape CD8⁺ T-cell memory and improve the efficacy of vaccination.