Early investigations in the late 1890s and early 1900s documented cardiac enlargement in
athletes with above-normal exercise capacity and no evidence of cardiovascular disease.
Such findings have been reported for more than a century and continue to intrigue scientists
and clinicians. It is well recognized that repetitive participation in vigorous physical exercise
results in significant changes in myocardial structure and function. This process, termed
exercise-induced cardiac remodeling (EICR), is characterized by structural cardiac changes …