It is now generally accepted that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in the stimulation of glucose transport by muscle contractions. However, earlier studies provided evidence that increases in cytosolic Ca²⁺ mediate the effect of muscle contractions on glucose transport. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that both the increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ and the activation of AMPK are involved in the stimulation of glucose transport by muscle contractions. Caffeine causes release of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Incubation of rat epitrochlearis muscles with a concentration of caffeine that raises cytosolic Ca²⁺ to levels too low to cause contraction resulted in an approximate threefold increase in glucose transport. Caffeine treatment also resulted in increased phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK)-II in epitrochlearis muscle. The stimulation of glucose transport by caffeine was blocked by the Ca²⁺-CAMK inhibitors KN62 and KN93. Activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) also resulted in an approximate threefold increase in glucose transport in the epitrochlearis. The increases in glucose transport induced by AICAR and caffeine were additive, and their combined effect was not significantly different from that induced by maximally effective contractile activity. KN62 and KN93 caused an ∼50% inhibition of the stimulation of glucose transport by contractile activity. Our results provide evidence that both Ca²⁺ and AMPK are involved in the stimulation of glucose transport by muscle contractions. They also suggest that the stimulation of glucose transport by Ca²⁺ involves activation of CAMK.