Glutamate action, through its ionotropic, kainate receptors, has been implicated in gonadal steroid‐dependent mechanisms of the arcuate nucleus. The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of kainate glutamate receptors in neural and glial elements of this area and their potential relationship to gonadal steroid receptors. Single and double label, light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for kainate glutamate receptors and estrogen or androgen receptors revealed the existence of glutamate (GluR) 5–7 kainate receptors in tanycytes, astrocytes and neurons of the arcuate nucleus. In the arcuate nucleus, subsets of GluR5–7‐containing neurons were also immunopositive for estrogen (20%) and/or androgen receptors (23%). Glial elements, however, lacked labeling for gonadal steroid receptors. The coexistence of gonadal and kainate receptors in the same perikarya of arcuate nucleus cell populations suggests hormone regulation of excitatory neurotransmission through ionotropic glutamate receptors in these regions. It is also indicated that a kainate receptor‐mediated glutamate action may participate in neuro–glial interaction in the arcuate nucleus that, in turn, may underlie the morphological synaptic plasticity induced by gonadal steroids.