Cholangiocarcinoma is commonly considered a rare cancer. However, if we consider the
hepato-biliary system a single entity, cancers of the gallbladder, intra-hepatic and extra-
hepatic biliary tree altogether represent approximately 30% of the total with incidence rates
close to that of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is the third most common cause of cancer-
related death worldwide. In addition, cholangiocarcinoma is characterized by a very poor
prognosis and virtually no response to chemotherapeutics; radical surgery, the only effective …