Toll-like receptor function and signaling

T Kaisho, S Akira - Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2006 - Elsevier
Mammals sense pathogen invasion through pattern-recognition receptors. A group of
transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), play critical roles as pattern-recognition
receptors. They are mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or
dendritic cells, and their signaling activates antigen-presenting cells to provoke innate
immunity and to establish adaptive immunity. Each TLR has common effects, such as
inflammatory cytokine induction or upregulation of costimulatory molecule expression, but …