The paper reviews briefly and comments in detail on selected events in the history of lithium treatment. The events include Cade’s discovery of lithium’s antimanic action, the discovery and establishment of its prophylactic action, the ensuing debate, amelioration and prevention of side effects and risks, use during pregnancy, non-compliance, selection of patients, information and instruction, the question whether new and better prophylactic agents are about to oust lithium, the use of combination treatment, the effect of lithium on suicidal behavior, the benefits of prophylactic lithium treatment, and the design of future comparative trials.