TGF-β and cancer

B Bierie, HL Moses - Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 2006 - Elsevier
TGF-β signaling regulates tumorigenesis and in human cancer its signaling pathways are
often modified during tumor progression. Prior to initiation and early during progression TGF-
β acts upon the epithelium as a tumor suppressor, however at later stages it is often a tumor
promoter. Over the years, many studies have focused on the epithelial cell autonomous role
for TGF-β, however, TGF-β is not strictly limited to this compartment in vivo. Recent studies
addressing TGF-β mediated stromal–epithelial interactions have significantly improved our …