Estrogen receptors outside the nucleus in breast cancer
ER Levin, RJ Pietras - Breast cancer research and treatment, 2008 - Springer
ER Levin, RJ Pietras
Breast cancer research and treatment, 2008•SpringerThe estrogen receptor (ER) is the single most powerful predictor of breast cancer prognosis
as well as an important contributor to the biology of carcinogenesis. In addition, endocrine
therapy targeting ER directly (SERMS) or indirectly (aromatase inhibitors) forms the
mainstay of adjuant therapy. Traditionally, human tumors are scored for the amount and
presence of ER. However, this has centered on the population of ER found in the
transformed epithelial cell nucleus. Over the last 40 years, it has been appreciated that …
as well as an important contributor to the biology of carcinogenesis. In addition, endocrine
therapy targeting ER directly (SERMS) or indirectly (aromatase inhibitors) forms the
mainstay of adjuant therapy. Traditionally, human tumors are scored for the amount and
presence of ER. However, this has centered on the population of ER found in the
transformed epithelial cell nucleus. Over the last 40 years, it has been appreciated that …
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is the single most powerful predictor of breast cancer prognosis as well as an important contributor to the biology of carcinogenesis. In addition, endocrine therapy targeting ER directly (SERMS) or indirectly (aromatase inhibitors) forms the mainstay of adjuant therapy. Traditionally, human tumors are scored for the amount and presence of ER. However, this has centered on the population of ER found in the transformed epithelial cell nucleus. Over the last 40 years, it has been appreciated that additional cellular ER pools exist, in cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. In this review, we discuss the important functions of extra-nuclear ER in breast cancer, including integration of function with nuclear ER.
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