BackgroundInterleukin (IL)–1β has an important role in antifungal defense mechanisms. The inflammasome is thought to be required for caspase-1 activation and processing of the inactive precursor pro-IL-1β. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathways of IL-1β production induced by Candida albicans in human monocytes

MethodsHuman mononuclear cells were stimulated with C. albicans or mutant strains defective in mannosylation or chitin. Receptors were blocked with specific antagonists, and the IL-1β concentration was measured

ResultsHuman primary monocytes produce bioactive IL-1β when stimulated with C. albicans. The transcription of IL-1β was induced through mannose receptor (MR), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and dectin-1 but not through TLR4 and TLR9. N-mannan–linked residues, chitin, and β-glucan from C. albicans are important for IL-1β stimulation. Surprisingly, processing and secretion of IL-1β in monocytes did not require pathogen-mediated inflammasome activation, because of the constitutive activation of caspase-1 and the capability of monocytes to release endogenous adenosine-5′-triphosphate

ConclusionsThis study is the first dissection of the molecular mechanisms of IL-1β production by a fungal pathogen. Transcription through mannan/chitin/MR and β-glucan/dectin-1/TLR2 induces production of IL-1β by C. albicans in human monocytes, whereas processing of IL-1β is mediated by constitutively active caspase-1