Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main producers of extracellular matrix in the fibrotic liver and contribute to hepatic inflammation through the secretion of chemokines and the recruitment of leukocytes. This study assesses the function of CD40 on human HSCs. Activated human HSCs express CD40 in culture and in fibrotic liver, as determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. CD40 expression is strongly enhanced by IFN-γ. Stimulation of CD40 with CD40 ligand (CD40L)-transfected baby hamster kidney cells induces NF-κB, as demonstrated by the activation of I-κB kinase (IKK), increased NF-κB DNA binding, and p65 nuclear translocation. CD40-activated IKK also phosphorylates a GST-p65 substrate at serine 536 in the transactivation domain 1. Concomitant with the activation of IKK, CD40L-transfected baby hamster kidney cell treatment strongly activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CD40 activation increases the secretion of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by HSCs 10-and 2-fold, respectively. Adenovirally delivered dominant negative (dn) IKK2 and TNFR-associated factor 2dn inhibit IKK-mediated GST-I-κB and GST-p65 phosphorylation, NF-κB binding, and IL-8 secretion, whereas IKK1dn and NF-κB-inducing kinase dominant negative do not have inhibitory effects. We conclude that the CD40-CD40L receptor-ligand pair is involved in a cross-talk between HSCs and immune effector cells that contributes to the perpetuation of HSC activation in liver fibrosis through TNFR-associated factor 2-and IKK2-dependent pathways.