Views of the anatomy and function of the basal ganglia and their role in motor and nonmotor
disorders have undergone major revisions during the past decades. The basal ganglia are
now appreciated as components of parallel, reentrant cortico-subcortical circuits, which
originate from individual cortical areas, traverse the basal ganglia and thalamus, and
terminate in their respective areas of origin in the frontal lobe. Further research and clinical
experience have resulted in new insights and perspectives on the details of the circuitry and …