Background—Repeated doses of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I_Milano phospholipid complex (apoA-I_m) reduce atherosclerosis and favorably change plaque composition in rabbits and mice. In this study, we tested whether a single high dose of recombinant apoA-I_m could rapidly mobilize tissue cholesterol and reduce plaque lipid and macrophage content in apoE-deficient mice.

Methods and Results—High cholesterol–fed, 26-week-old apoE-deficient mice received a single intravenous injection of saline (n=16), 1080 mg/kg dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC; n=14), or 400 mg/kg of recombinant apoA-I_m complexed with DPPC (1:2.7 weight ratio; n=18). Blood was sampled before and 1 and 48 hours after injection, and aortic root plaques were evaluated for lipid content and macrophage content after oil-red O and immunostaining, respectively. One hour after injection, the plasma cholesterol efflux–promoting capacity was nearly 2-fold higher in recombinant apoA-I_m–treated mice compared with saline and DPPC-treated mice (P<0.01). Compared with baseline values, serum free cholesterol, an index of tissue cholesterol mobilization, increased 1.6-fold by 1 hour after recombinant apoA-I_m injection, and it remained significantly elevated at 48 hours (P<0.01). Mice receiving recombinant apoA-I_m had 40% to 50% lower lipid content (P<0.01) and 29% to 36% lower macrophage content (P<0.05) in their plaques compared with the saline- and DPPC-treated mice, respectively.

Conclusions—A single high dose of recombinant apoA-I_m rapidly mobilizes tissue cholesterol and reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apoE-deficient mice. These findings suggest that this strategy could rapidly change plaque composition toward a more stable phenotype.