Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) are two potent endothelial mitogens with demonstrated angiogenic activities in animal models of therapeutic angiogenesis. Several recent studies suggest that these growth factors may act synergistically, although the mechanism of this interaction is not understood. Changes in the gene expression profile of human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with HGF, VEGF or the combination of the two were analyzed with high‐density oligonucleotide arrays, representing approximately 22,000 genes. Notably, the genes significantly up‐ and downregulated by VEGF versus HGF exhibited very little overlap, indicating distinct signal transduction pathways. The combination of HGF and VEGF markedly increased the number of significantly up‐ and downregulated genes. At 4 h, the combination of the two growth factors induced a number of chemokine and cytokines and their receptors (IL‐8, IL‐6, IL‐11, CCR6, CXCR1,CXC1 and IL17RC), numerous genes involved in growth factor signal transduction (egr‐1, fosB, grb10, grb14,MAP2K3,MAP3K8, MAPKAP2,MPK3, DUSP4 and DUSP6), as well as a number of other growth factors (PDGFA, BMP2, Hb‐EGF, FGF16, heuregulin beta 1, c‐kit ligand, angiopoietin 2 and angiopoietin 4 and VEGFC). In addition, the VEGF receptors neuropilin‐1 and flt‐1 were also upregulated. At 24 h, a clear ‘cell cycle’ signature is noted, with the upregulated expression of various cell cycle control proteins and gene involved in the regulation of mitosis and mitotic spindle assembly. The receptor for HGF, c‐met, is also upregulated. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the combination of HGF and VEGF results in the cooperative upregulation of a number of different molecular pathways leading to a more robust proliferative response, that is, growth factor(s), receptors, molecules involved in growth factor signal transduction, as well as, at later time points, upregulation of the necessary cellular proteins required for cells to escape cell cycle arrest and enter the cell cycle.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 140, 595–610. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705494