ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K-ATP channels) couple cell metabolism to electrical activity and are important in the physiology and pathophysiology of many tissues¹. In pancreatic β-cells, K-ATP channels link changes in blood glucose concentration to insulin secretion². They are also the target for clinically important drugs such as sulphonylureas, which stimulate secretion, and the K⁺ channel opener diazoxide, which inhibits insulin release^3,4. Metabolic regulation of K-ATP channels is mediated by changes in intracellular ATP and Mg-ADP levels, which inhibit and activate the channel, respectively². The β-cell K-ATP channel is a complex of two proteins^5,6: an inward-rectifier K⁺ channel subunit, Kir6.2, and the sulphonylurea receptor, SUR1. We show here that the primary site at which ATP acts to mediate K-ATP channel inhibition is located on Kir6.2, and that SUR1 is required for sensitivity to sulphonylureas and diazoxide and for activation by Mg-ADP.